You could google "Renaissance" -- but of course, the Renaissance only happened because Europeans were smarter, etc. than other cultures, and not because of a complex set of historical conditions that allowed Europeans to begin building on the Greek, Arab and Roman engineering, philosophy and science of earlier centuries. While Europeans were busy for centuries (between the fall of the Romans and the Renaissance) grubbing in the fields for feudal lords, and providing battle fodder for their petty tyrant's squabbles, the Chinese and Arabs were busy developing science, math, and their own advanced cultures (until they too, fell victim to squabbles and circumstances of their own).
You want an example? The Chinese invented gunpowder -- not just for fireworks, but for weapons as well. The Europeans eventually developed the engineering skills to make serious, world-changing weapons (along with advances in ship-building) that allowed them to seize whatever they wanted from those that had not yet figured that out. Ruling the world by might pretty much allowed them to prevent developments elsewhere that could compete. Getting all the wealth pretty much allows you to keep growing and getting more wealth. Until recently, of course, when nationality has little to do with who has all the wealth.... Decisions that affect the world are not made by governments any longer, but in corporate boardrooms.
All friggin' history is a combination of luck and circumstance. It zigs towards one course, and zags to another.